Accessibility in computer software is making applications usable for people with disabilities. This could be achieved by providing keyboard shortcuts, a high-contrast user interface that uses specially selected colors and fonts, or support for assistive tools such as screen readers and braille displays.
An application does not usually communicate directly with assistive tools but through an assistive technology, which is a bridge for exchange of information between the applications and the tools. Information about user interface elements, such as buttons and scroll bars, is exposed to the assistive technologies. Qt supports Microsoft Active Accessibility (MSAA) on Windows, Mac OS X Accessibility on Mac OS X, and AT-SPI on Unix/X11. On Unix/X11, support is preliminary. The individual technologies are abstracted from Qt, and there is only a single interface to consider. We will use MSAA throughout this document when we need to address technology related issues.
In this overview document, we will examine the overall Qt accessibility architecture, and how to implement accessibility for custom widgets and elements.
Providing accessibility is a collaboration between accessibility compliant applications, the assistive technology, and the assistive tools.
Accessibility compliant applications are called AT-Servers while assistive tools are called AT-Clients. A Qt application will typically be an AT-Server, but specialized programs might also function like AT-Clients. We will refer to clients and servers when talking about AT-Clients and AT-Servers in the rest of this document.
We will from now on focus on the Qt accessibility interface and how it is implemented to create Qt applications that support accessibility.
These classes provide support for accessible applications.
| QAccessible | Enums and static functions relating to accessibility |
| QAccessibleBridge | The base class for accessibility back-ends |
| QAccessibleBridgePlugin | Abstract base for accessibility bridge plugins |
| QAccessibleEvent | Used to query addition accessibility information about complex widgets |
| QAccessibleInterface | 定义暴露有关可访问对象的信息的接口 |
| QAccessibleObject | 为 QObjects 实现 QAccessibleInterface 部分 |
| QAccessiblePlugin | Abstract base for accessibility plugins |
| QAccessibleWidget | 为 QWidgets 实现 QAccessibleInterface |
当我们与为残疾人设计的技术通信时，需要以他们可理解的方式来描述 Qt 用户界面。Qt 应用程序使用 QAccessibleInterface 去暴露单个 UI 元素的有关信息。目前，Qt 提供对其 Widget 和 Widget审查 部件的支持 (如：滑块手柄)，但接口也可以被实现为任何 QObject 若有必要。 QAccessible contains enums that describe the UI. The description is mainly based on MSAA and is independent of Qt. We will examine the enums in the course of this document.
UI 的结构被表示成树为 QAccessibleInterface subclasses. You can think of this as a representation of a UI like the QObject tree built by Qt. Objects can be widgets or widget parts (such as scroll bar handles). We examine the tree in detail in the next section.
服务器通知客户端透过 updateAccessibility() 通过发送事件对接对象改变，客户端注册以接收事件。可用事件的定义通过 QAccessible::Event 枚举。然后，客户端可以查询事件生成对象透过 QAccessible::queryAccessibleInterface ().
Three of the enums in QAccessible help clients query and alter accessible objects:
客户端还有一些可能获取对象内容 (如：按钮文本)；对象提供字符串，定义通过 QAccessible::Text 枚举，给出有关内容的信息。
The objects can be in a number of different states as defined by the State enum. Examples of states are whether the object is disabled, if it has focus, or if it provides a pop-up menu.
As mentioned, a tree structure is built from the accessible objects of an application. By navigating through the tree, the clients can access all elements in the UI. Object relations give clients information about the UI. For instance, a slider handle is a child of the slider to which it belongs. QAccessible::Relation describes the various relationships the clients can ask objects for.
Note that there are no direct mapping between the Qt QObject tree and the accessible object tree. For instance, scroll bar handles are accessible objects but are not widgets or objects in Qt.
AT-Clients have access to the accessibility object tree through the root object in the tree, which is the QApplication . They can query other objects through QAccessible::navigate(), which fetches objects based on Relation s. The children of any node is 1-based numbered. The child numbered 0 is the object itself. The children of all interfaces are numbered this way, i.e., it is not a fixed numbering from the root node in the entire tree.
Qt provides accessible interfaces for its widgets. Interfaces for any QObject subclass can be requested through QAccessible::queryInterface(). A default implementation is provided if a more specialized interface is not defined. An AT-Client cannot acquire an interface for accessible objects that do not have an equivalent QObject , e.g., scroll bar handles, but they appear as normal objects through interfaces of parent accessible objects, e.g., you can query their relationships with QAccessible::relationTo().
To illustrate, we present an image of an accessible object tree. Beneath the tree is a table with examples of object relationships.
The labels in top-down order are: the QAccessibleInterface class name, the widget for which an interface is provided, and the Role of the object. The Position, PageLeft and PageRight correspond to the slider handle, the slider groove left and the slider groove right, respectively. These accessible objects do not have an equivalent QObject .
| 源对象 | 目标对象 | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| Slider | Indicator | Controller |
| Indicator | Slider | Controlled |
| Slider | 应用程序 | Ancestor |
| 应用程序 | Slider | Child |
| PushButton | Indicator | Sibling |
可访问性的管理是通过 QAccessible 的静态函数，我们很快会审查。它们产生 QAccessible interfaces, build the object tree, and initiate the connection with MSAA or the other platform specific technologies. If you are only interested in learning how to make your application accessible, you can safely skip over this section to 实现可访问性 .
The communication between clients and the server is initiated when setRootObject() is called. This is done when the QApplication instance is instantiated and you should not have to do this yourself.
当 QObject calls updateAccessibility() , clients that are listening to events are notified of the change. The function is used to post events to the assistive technology, and accessible events are posted by updateAccessibility() .
queryAccessibleInterface() returns accessible interfaces for QObject s. All widgets in Qt provide interfaces; if you need interfaces to control the behavior of other QObject subclasses, you must implement the interfaces yourself, although the QAccessibleObject convenience class implements parts of the functionality for you.
The factory that produces accessibility interfaces for QObjects is a function of type QAccessible::InterfaceFactory . It is possible to have several factories installed. The last factory installed will be the first to be asked for interfaces. queryAccessibleInterface() uses the factories to create interfaces for QObject s. Normally, you need not be concerned about factories because you can implement plugins that produce interfaces. We will give examples of both approaches later.
By default, Qt applications are run with accessibility support enabled on Windows and Mac OS X. On Unix/X11 platforms, applications must be launched in an environment with the
QT_ACCESSIBILITY
variable set to 1. For example, this is set in the following way with the bash shell:
export QT_ACCESSIBILITY=1
Accessibility features are built into Qt by default when the libraries are configured and built.
To provide accessibility support for a widget or other user interface element, you need to implement the QAccessibleInterface and distribute it in a QAccessiblePlugin . It is also possible to compile the interface into the application and provide a QAccessible::InterfaceFactory for it. The factory can be used if you link statically or do not want the added complexity of plugins. This can be an advantage if you, for instance, are delivering a 3-rd party library.
All widgets and other user interface elements should have interfaces and plugins. If you want your application to support accessibility, you will need to consider the following:
In general, it is recommended that you are somewhat familiar with MSAA, which Qt's accessibility support originally was built for. You should also study the enum values of QAccessible , which describe the roles, actions, relationships, and events that you need to consider.
Note that you can examine how Qt's widgets implement their accessibility. One major problem with the MSAA standard is that interfaces are often implemented in an inconsistent way. This makes life difficult for clients and often leads to guesswork on object functionality.
It is possible to implement interfaces by inheriting QAccessibleInterface and implementing its pure virtual functions. In practice, however, it is usually preferable to inherit QAccessibleObject or QAccessibleWidget , which implement part of the functionality for you. In the next section, we will see an example of implementing accessibility for a widget by inheriting the QAccessibleWidget 类。
When implementing an accessibility interface for widgets, one would as a rule inherit QAccessibleWidget , which is a convenience class for widgets. Another available convenience class, which is inherited by QAccessibleWidget , is the QAccessibleObject , which implements part of the interface for QObjects .
The QAccessibleWidget provides the following functionality:
Instead of creating a custom widget and implementing an interface for it, we will show how accessibility is implemented for one of Qt's standard widgets: QSlider . The accessible interface, QAccessibleSlider, inherits from QAccessibleAbstractSlider, which in turn inherits QAccessibleWidget . You do not need to examine the QAccessibleAbstractSlider class to read this section. If you want to take a look, the code for all of Qt's accessible interfaces are found in src/plugins/accessible/widgets. Here is the QAccessibleSlider's constructor:
QAccessibleSlider::QAccessibleSlider(QWidget *w) : QAccessibleAbstractSlider(w) { Q_ASSERT(slider()); addControllingSignal(QLatin1String("valueChanged(int)")); }
The slider is a complex control that functions as a Controller for its accessible children. This relationship must be known by the interface (for relationTo() and navigate() ). This can be done using a controlling signal, which is a mechanism provided by QAccessibleWidget . We do this in the constructor:
The choice of signal shown is not important; the same principles apply to all signals that are declared in this way. Note that we use QLatin1String to ensure that the signal name is correctly specified.
When an accessible object is changed in a way that users need to know about, it notifies clients of the change by sending them an event via the accessible interface. This is how QSlider calls updateAccessibility() to indicate that its value has changed:
void QAbstractSlider::setValue(int value) ... QAccessible::updateAccessibility(this, 0, QAccessible::ValueChanged); ... }
Note that the call is made after the value of the slider has changed because clients may query the new value immediately after receiving the event.
The interface must be able to calculate bounding rectangles of itself and any children that do not provide an interface of their own. The
QAccessibleSlider
has three such children identified by the private enum,
SliderElements
, which has the following values:
PageLeft
(the rectangle on the left hand side of the slider handle),
PageRight
(the rectangle on the right hand side of the handle), and
Position
(the slider handle). Here is the implementation of
rect()
:
QRect QAccessibleSlider::rect(int child) const { ... switch (child) { case PageLeft: if (slider()->orientation() == Qt::Vertical) rect = QRect(0, 0, slider()->width(), srect.y()); else rect = QRect(0, 0, srect.x(), slider()->height()); break; case Position: rect = srect; break; case PageRight: if (slider()->orientation() == Qt::Vertical) rect = QRect(0, srect.y() + srect.height(), slider()->width(), slider()->height()- srect.y() - srect.height()); else rect = QRect(srect.x() + srect.width(), 0, slider()->width() - srect.x() - srect.width(), slider()->height()); break; default: return QAccessibleAbstractSlider::rect(child); } ...
The first part of the function, which we have omitted, uses the current
style
to calculate the slider handle's bounding rectangle; it is stored in
srect
. Notice that child 0, covered in the default case in the above code, is the slider itself, so we can simply return the
QSlider
bounding rectangle obtained from the superclass, which is effectively the value obtained from
QAccessibleWidget::rect
().
QPoint tp = slider()->mapToGlobal(QPoint(0,0));
return QRect(tp.x() + rect.x(), tp.y() + rect.y(), rect.width(), rect.height());
}
Before the rectangle is returned it must be mapped to screen coordinates.
QAccessibleSlider 必须重实现 QAccessibleInterface::childCount () 因为它管理子级，不用接口。
The text() 函数返回 QAccessible::Text 字符串为滑块：
QString QAccessibleSlider::text(Text t, int child) const { if (!slider()->isVisible()) return QString(); switch (t) { case Value: if (!child || child == 2) return QString::number(slider()->value()); return QString(); case Name: switch (child) { case PageLeft: return slider()->orientation() == Qt::Horizontal ? QSlider::tr("Page left") : QSlider::tr("Page up"); case Position: return QSlider::tr("Position"); case PageRight: return slider()->orientation() == Qt::Horizontal ? QSlider::tr("Page right") : QSlider::tr("Page down"); } break; default: break; } return QAccessibleAbstractSlider::text(t, child); }
The
slider()
function returns a pointer to the interface's
QSlider
. Some values are left for the superclass's implementation. Not all values are appropriate for all accessible objects, as you can see for
QAccessible::Value
case. You should just return an empty string for those values where no relevant text can be provided.
实现为 role() function is straightforward:
QAccessible::Role QAccessibleSlider::role(int child) const { switch (child) { case PageLeft: case PageRight: return PushButton; case Position: return Indicator; default: return Slider; } }
The role function should be reimplemented by all objects and describes the role of themselves and the children that do not provide accessible interfaces of their own.
Next, the accessible interface needs to return the
states
that the slider can be in. We look at parts of the
state()
implementation to show how just a few of the states are handled:
QAccessible::State QAccessibleSlider::state(int child) const { const State parentState = QAccessibleAbstractSlider::state(0); ... switch (child) { case PageLeft: if (slider->value() <= slider->minimum()) state |= Unavailable; break; case PageRight: if (slider->value() >= slider->maximum()) state |= Unavailable; break; case Position: default: break; } return state; }
The superclass implementation of state() ，使用 QAccessibleInterface::state () implementation. We simply need to disable the buttons if the slider is at its minimum or maximum.
We have now exposed the information we have about the slider to the clients. For the clients to be able to alter the slider - for example, to change its value - we must provide information about the actions that can be performed and perform them upon request. We discuss this in the next section.
QAccessible provides a number of 动作 s that can be performed on request from clients. If an accessible object supports actions, it should reimplement the following functions from QAccessibleInterface :
Note that a client can request any action from an object. If the object does not support the action, it returns false from doAction() .
None of the standard actions take any parameters. It is possible to provide user-defined actions that can take parameters. The interface must then also reimplement userActionCount() . Since this is not defined in the MSAA specification, it is probably only useful to use this if you know which specific AT-Clients will use the application.
QAccessibleInterface gives another technique for clients to handle accessible objects. It works basically the same way, but uses the concept of methods in place of actions. The available methods are defined by the QAccessible::Method enum. The following functions need to be reimplemented from QAccessibleInterface if the accessible object is to support methods:
The action mechanism will probably be substituted by providing methods in place of the standard actions.
To see examples on how to implement actions and methods, you could examine the QAccessibleObject and QAccessibleWidget implementations. You might also want to take a look at the MSAA documentation.
In this section we will explain the procedure of implementing accessible plugins for your interfaces. A plugin is a class stored in a shared library that can be loaded at run-time. It is convenient to distribute interfaces as plugins since they will only be loaded when required.
Creating an accessible plugin is achieved by inheriting
QAccessiblePlugin
, reimplementing
keys()
and
create()
from that class, and adding one or two macros. The
.pro
file must be altered to use the plugin template, and the library containing the plugin must be placed on a path where Qt searches for accessible plugins.
We will go through the implementation of
SliderPlugin
, which is an accessible plugin that produces the QAccessibleSlider interface from the
QAccessibleWidget 范例
. We start with the
key()
函数：
QStringList SliderPlugin::keys() const { return QStringList() << QLatin1String("QSlider"); }
We simply need to return the class name of the single interface our plugin can create an accessible interface for. A plugin can support any number of classes; just add more class names to the string list. We move on to the
create()
函数：
QAccessibleInterface *SliderPlugin::create(const QString &classname, QObject *object) { QAccessibleInterface *interface = 0; if (classname == QLatin1String("QSlider") && object && object->isWidgetType()) interface = new QAccessibleSlider(static_cast<QWidget *>(object)); return interface; }
We check whether the interface requested is for
QSlider
; if it is, we create and return an interface for it. Note that
对象
will always be an instance of
classname
. You must return 0 if you do not support the class.
updateAccessibility()
checks with the available accessibility plugins until it finds one that does not return 0.
Finally, you need to include macros in the cpp file:
Q_EXPORT_STATIC_PLUGIN(SliderPlugin) Q_EXPORT_PLUGIN2(acc_sliderplugin, SliderPlugin)
The
Q_EXPORT_PLUGIN2
macro exports the plugin in the
SliderPlugin
class into the
acc_sliderplugin
library. The first argument is the name of the plugin library file, excluding the file suffix, and the second is the class name. For more information on plugins, you can consult the plugins
概述文档
.
You can omit the first macro unless you want the plugin to be statically linked with the application.
If you do not want to provide plugins for your accessibility interfaces, you can use an interface factory ( QAccessible::InterfaceFactory ), which is the recommended way to provide accessible interfaces in a statically-linked application.
A factory is a function pointer for a function that takes the same parameters as
QAccessiblePlugin
's
create()
- a
QString
和
QObject
. It also works the same way. You install the factory with the
installFactory()
function. We give an example of how to create a factory for the
QAccessibleSlider
interface:
QAccessibleInterface *sliderFactory(const QString &classname, QObject *object) { QAccessibleInterface *interface = 0; if (classname == QLatin1String("QSlider") && object && object->isWidgetType()) interface = new QAccessibleSlider(static_cast<QWidget *>(object)); return interface; } int main(int argv, char **args) { QApplication app(argv, args); QAccessible::installFactory(sliderFactory); ... }
The Cross-Platform Accessibility Support in Qt 4 document contains a more general overview of Qt's accessibility features and discusses how it is used on each platform. issues